A short history of digital cameras

The first recorded attempt at building a digital camera was in 1975 by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. It used the then-new solid-state CCD image sensor chips developed by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1973. The camera weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg), recorded black and white images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels), and took 23 seconds to capture its first image in December 1975. The prototype camera was a technical exercise, not intended for production. The first true digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was likely the Fuji DS-1P of 1988, which recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card that used a battery to keep the data in memory. This camera was never marketed in the United States, and has not been confirmed to have shipped even in Japan.

The first commercially available digital camera was the 1990 Dycam Model 1; it also sold as the Logitech Fotoman. It used a CCD image sensor, stored pictures digitally, and connected directly to a computer for download.

The first flyby spacecraft image of Mars was taken from Mariner 4 on July 15, 1965 with a camera system designed by NASA/JPL. It used a video camera followed by a digitizer, rather than a mosaic of sensor elements, so it was not what we usually define as a digital camera, but it produced a digital image that was stored on tape for later slow transmission back to earth.

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understanding of editing

Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, and film media used to convey information through the processes of correction, condensation, organization, and other modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate, and complete work.
The editing process often begins with the author's idea for the work itself, continuing as a collaboration between the author and the editor as the work is created. As such, editing is a practice that includes creative skills, human relations, and a precise set of methods.

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Technical editing

Technical editing involves reviewing text written on a technical topic, and identifying usage errors and ensuring adherence to a style guide. Technical editing may include the correction of grammatical mistakes, misspellings, mistyping, incorrect punctuation, inconsistencies in usages, poorly structured sentences, wrong scientific terms, wrong units and dimensions, inconsistency in significant figures, technical ambivalence, technical disambiguation, correction of statements conflicting with general scientific knowledge, correction of synopsis, content, index, headings and subheadings, correcting data and chart presentation in a research paper or report, and correcting errors in citations.

In large companies, experienced writers are dedicated to the technical editing function. In organizations that cannot afford dedicated editors, experienced writers typically peer-edit text produced by their less experienced colleagues.

It helps if the technical editor is familiar with the subject being edited, but that is not always essential. The "technical" knowledge that an editor gains over time while working on a particular product or technology does give the editor an edge over another who has just started editing content related to that product or technology. But essential general skills are attention to detail, the ability to sustain focus while working through lengthy pieces of text on complex topics, tact in dealing with writers, and excellent communication skills.

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material grade 3 ips

Linkage IPS and Social Sciences
• IPS taking materials from the social sciences• There is no requirement that all social sciences need to be lowered in any subject IPS, but adapted to the purpose of teaching and the development of learners• Qualification also dictates the amount and the content of social science to be mixed into the IPS program• IPS parallels can be drawn by linking or combining various elements of social science so as to be attractive
Edgar B. Wesley (1930)
• IPS is the social sciences are adapted and simplified in order to achieve the objectives of education and teaching.• The equation lies in the targets investigated, people in public life.• The difference lies in the goal. Social Sciences aims to promote and develop the science of each, while IPS is more the goal of education is not the theory of the social sciences.
Understanding IPSn The study of human beings with all aspects of public life in the systemn Examine how humans live with other humans.n Assess how they move, how they meet their needs, etc..n What is the subject of study or learning materials in the IPS is the whole of man.n To deal with the complexity of life, students must be able to integrate all of the social sciencesn It is also necessary ingredients derived from natural sciences and the humanities as support materialsn Complexity in Indonesia not only because of the demands of the development of science and technology, but also the complexity of the plurality of Indonesian society
The purpose IPS
• Develop the ability and skills to enable students to be able to live in harmony, harmony and balance in the environment.• Symptoms and problems that exist in the environment can be used as a stimulant for the students to draw the attention of students in the learning process.• In social studies teaching and learning community is a source of primary material as well as both a laboratory• Through the teaching of social studies is expected terbinanya citizens who are sensitive to social problems that occur in the community, having a positive mental attitude terhdap any identified gaps, and skillfully solve problems that occur everyday either happened to her or that plagued society.
Learning objectives IPS
 Cognitive
            Gaining knowledge, understanding, intelligence, and thinking skills of students.

 Affective
            Emphasizing the feelings, emotions, and the degree of acceptance or rejection of students' learning materials IPS

 Psychomotor
            Emphasizing the skills / behaviors as citizens expected obtained after studying IPS

  Fenton (1967:1):
            IPS is delivering education teaching children to be good citizens, to teach children how to think, and the IPS can deliver teaching to the child's cultural heritage
Educational function IPS• Establish and carry on moral values• Establish the nature and human mental Indonesia• Establish and enhance the intelligence of the individual and society
            IPS Education should focus to ways to foster initiative, creativity, intellect and personal character.
            Teachers and learning environment that is expected to encourage and directBasic Concept Generalization Disciplines IPS
Geography
  The study of the spread of symptoms in earth space
Location
  Locations on the earth's surface is determined by natural conditions, environmental governance, resource
Economy
  The study of human efforts to achieve prosperity and symptoms arising from the business
Scarcity
 Limited resources, the need does notHistory
The study of how people, groups of people seen from the past period
HumanMankind is the result of the past


Why need to IPS at theprimary and secondary?
o Students come from communities with the color of its own.o Students can learn to recognize the people and communities through print and electronic media, not just through schoolo It should be packed information coming from outside (the school) through the vehicle so that the school received information becomes more meaningfulTeaching social studies in elementary and secondary education reached by way of introducing social problems through knowledge, skills, attitudes, and sensitivity to face and solve social problems.Rationalization learn IPS for elementary and secondary level:l systematize the materials, information, and or ability that has been held on humans and the environment becomes more meaningfull More sensitive and responsive to social problems in a rational and responsiblel Enhance sense of tolerance and friendship among human beings and the environment itselfIPS is expected to be formed through the social actors that have the characteristics of:• Personal Dimension, namely: virtuous, personable, hard-working, tough, responsible, independent, healthy jasroh.• Social Dimensions are: patriotism, national spirit and solidarity solid.• spiritual dimensions, namely: faithful and devoted to God Almighty.• Intellectual Dimension, namely intelligent and skilledFor teaching social studies in the schools needed teachers who are professional in the field of the IPS's. The duty LPTK (UNY), especially Fise to print professional teachers who are

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Soil

Soil formations are formed by different layers in the soil]] that can specifically distinguish geology, chemistry, and biology, including the process of formation. When the age of the soil increases, the soil layer is generally easier to observe. Identification and description of the layers is the first step in classifying soils in the higher levels, using a variety of systems such as the USDA soil taxonomy or Australian Soil Clasification. The world body World Reference Base for Soil Resources provides a list of 40 characteristics of the soil: Albic, Andic, Anthraquic, Anthropedogenic, Argic, Calcic, Cambic, Chernic, Cryic, Duric, Ferralic, Ferric, Folic, Fragic, Fluvic, Gypsic, Histic, Hydragric , Hortic, Irragric, Melanic, Mollic, Natric, Nitic, Ochric, Petrocalcic, Petroduric, Petrogypsic, Petroplinthic, Plaggic, Plinthic, Salic, Spodic, Sulfuric, Takyric, Terric, Umbric, Vertic, Vitric, Yermic. New sediment from the land such as alluvium, sand, and volcanic ash may not have the history of the formation of a layer and a layer of sediment that is only distinguishable from the soil covered.Most types of soil refers to the main patterns of soil that is sometimes referred to as an ideal soil. Each layer is marked with the letter, with the order as follows: OABCR.O LayersLetter O shows the word "organic". This layer is also called humus. This layer is dominated by the presence of large amounts of organic material from various levels of decomposition. O layer is not the same as being a layer of leaves on the ground, which is not actually part of the land itself.Layer AA layer is the top layer of the soil, so given the letter A. A technical condition of the layers may vary, but are often described as a relative soil deeper layers of O. This layer has a darker color than the underlying layer and contains a lot of organic material. And maybe this layer is lighter and contains less clay. A layer known as a layer that has a lot of biological activity. Soil organisms such as earthworms, arthropods, nematodes, fungi, and many species of bacteria and archaea bacteria concentrated here, and often associated with plant roots.Layer BLayer B generally referred to under the soil, and contain similar mineral layer with a layer of clay minerals such as iron or aluminum, or organic material to the layer by a process leak. Plant roots penetrate the soil layer, but a layer of organic material is very poor. This layer is generally brown, or red from clay and iron oxide layers are flushed from A.Layer CLayer C is called for under A and B. layer is little affected by the presence of soil formation processes from the bottom. Layer C may contain rocks that have undergone a process of weathering. C layer also contains the parent material.Layer RR is defined as the layer coating experience some weathering rocks into soil. In contrast to the upper layer, this layer is very dense and hard and can not be dug by hand.
/ Soil types that exist in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia.1. Soil HumusSoil humus is a very fertile soil formed from lapukan leaves and tree trunks in dense tropical rainforest.2. Land of SandSandy soil is a soil that is not good for agriculture formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks with coarse grains and gravel.3. Alluvial Soil / Sediment SoilAlluvial soil is formed from river silt that settles in low-lying fertile soil properties and land suitable for agriculture.4. Land PodzolitPodzolit soil is fertile land generally located in the mountains with high rainfall and low temperature / cold.5. Volcanic Soil / Land of VolcanosVolcanic soil is soil formed from volcanic material lapukan lush containing high nutrients. Volcanic soil types can be found around the slopes of the volcano.6. Laterite soilLateritic soil is not fertile land that was fertile and rich in nutrients, but the nutrients are lost due to late rains brought by the high water. Example: West Kalimantan and Lampung.7. Mediterranean Land / Land KapurMediteran soil is not fertile soil properties formed from weathering of the limestone rock. Example: Nusa Tenggara, Moluccas, Central Java and East Java.8. Peat Soil / Land OrganosolOrganosol soil is less fertile soil to grow crops that are the result of weathering formed marsh plants. Example: swamps of Kalimantan, Papua and Sumatra.


a. The top layer, a layer formed from the weathering of rock and the remains of living things
    the dead. Layer is the most fertile soil.b. The middle layer, is made up of a mix between the weathering of rocks and water. These layers are formed
    because most of the material carried by the upper layer of water and sediment. This layer is commonly called clay.c. The bottom layer, a layer consisting of boulders. In between blocks
    are the result of weathering of rocks. So, there is a stone that has not been completely decaying.d. Layer of the host rock, a rock solid. If you want to know the composition of the layer tanahdi
    environment around you, do the following activities.

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Leukemia disease

　Leukemia is a malignant disease of the hematopoietic system may occur at any age. One is the development of acute leukemia and the risk of rapid disease dangerous to human health. With today's medical advances, acute leukemia treatment was able to get up, the results also showed a very good cure for the sufferer. Handling the symptoms of leukemia is no longer the main goal of treatment, but how to improve the patient's quality of life, prolong life, which is the focus of research. Currently, the treatment of leukemia include the following:

　　Bone marrow transplant
Bone marrow transplantation with chemotherapy
 

 high doses can increase immunity and cleanse the tumor cells and abnormal cells from leukemia patients. Then from hematopoietic cells of the body's own or another person's body transplanted to leukemia patients, leukemia patients had returned to normal hematopoietic system and the recovery of immune function, in order to reach therapeutic goals. Leukemia bone marrow transplant is the most effective treatment, about 50 percent of leukemia patients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation, survival can take long-term.
CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy is a suitable treatment for patients with advanced-stage leukemia / end, it is useful to remove the cancer cells in the blood and bone marrow rebuilding to restore normal function of the hematopoietic system. This type of treatment is divided into chemistry: initial chemotherapy, further chemotherapy and intensive consolidation chemotherapy as a treatment in 4 phases. leukemia chemotherapy can effectively reduce symptoms and prolong survival, chemotherapy is also a necessary step prior to bone marrow transplantation.
COMBINED TREATMENT METHODS OF EAST AND WEST
Given the side effects of chemotherapy, which contain toxic and bad for the patient's body, then at an advanced stage leukemia, east and west combined method can greatly help the weak condition of the body which makes the patient easily tolerate the effects of chemotherapy. Chinese medicine is very useful for conservative treatment, has a direct role in improving the quality of life and prolong the survival of leukemia patients,
Immunotherapy
Research and development of immunotherapies in recent years much progress, the process of immunization which is DC-CIK can immunize the patient with their own cells, increase endurance, eradicate the cancer cells in the blood, control the growth of cancer cells, inhibits recurrence or spread.
Modern Hospital Guangzhou Cancer Hospital warn that leukemia is divided into many types. Experts will plan the treatment according to the patient's health and physical condition. Of course, cancer patients who want to get a complete treatment, still required a lot of research for the development of new treatment technologies, but if patients follow all your doctor's advice for the recommended treatment, the condition can be controlled with good penyakitpun and also of course be adapted to the lifestyle and healthy eating and balanced.

 

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